and publication, causing an entirely new attitude to the written 
and printed word. Composing on the typewriter has altered the 
forms of the language and of literature in ways best seen in the 
later novels of Henry James that were dictated to Miss 
Theodora Bosanquet, who took them down, not by shorthand, 
but on a typewriter. Her memoir, Henry James at Work , should 
have been followed by other studies of how the typewriter has 
altered English verse and prose, and, indeed, the very mental 
habits, themselves, of writers.

     With Henry James, the typewriter had become a 
confirmed habit by 1907, and his new style developed a sort of 
free, incantatory quality. His secretary tells of how he found 
dictating not only easier but more inspiring than composing by 
hand: “It all seems to be so much more effectively and 
unceasingly pulled  out of me in speech than in writing,” he told